A Child Is Mysterious and Powerful free essay sample

Within the child lies the fate of the future. Whoever wishes to confer some benefit on society must preserve him from deviation and observe his natural ways acting. A child is mysterious and powerful and contains within himself the secret of human nature. Explain the above quote with reference to the Montessori philosophy. The term Montessori Philosophy originated from the name of Dr. Maria Montessori, one of the most influential pioneers in early childhood education. She advised an education which combines a philosophy with a practical approach based on the central idea of freedom for the child within a carefully planned and structured environment. To analyze the above quote, we will have to know what it is in essence the Montessori philosophy. Maria Montessori was a soft hearted lady who happened to live through the two world wars. She was very much worried that in spite of the development of science and technology in the world, why men are very much unhappy, cruel and keep fighting with each other. We will write a custom essay sample on A Child Is Mysterious and Powerful or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She believed that this is because of the lack of fulfillment of human mind. So she deducted that as the adult comes into being through the child, it is important to consider the human being way down from the very childhood itself. Montessori has once opined that â€Å"It is the child who makes the man, and no man exists who was not made by the child he once was. † (http://www. dailymontessori. com/maria-montessori-quotes/) Montessori, who became the first lady doctor in the history of her country, was appointed as assistant doctor at a psychiatric clinic. From this position she got chances to observe some mentally retarded children. Under her care and love many of these children improved even to a position that they could read and write. After that Maria Montessori got chance to look after some slum children for whom she made a home. This was called Casa Dei Bambini, means childrens house. It was from here that Montessori philosophy actually evolved into being. Montessori made a new way of education in which the child is considered as the centre of education with the adult serving only as one who is helping him to develop as a whole; hysically, cognitively, emotionally, spiritually and socially. She discovered that with such an education a unified personality is formed. According to Montessori philosophy, the child has an unrealized potential within himself when he is born. This potential is what helps him to develop from birth onwards. This is called predetermined psychic pattern. Christoph Schiebold states that Good education is not to follow the pages of a workbook. It’s following the workbook that’s within the child! (http://educationaljournal. wordpress. com/2011/07/02/quote-christoph-schiebold) The predetermined psychic pattern (also known as natural laws of development) is there in the child in an embryonic stage when the child is born. So as only a healthy mother gives birth to a healthy baby, the predetermined psychic pattern in the baby also needs a nourishing environment to grow well. In the given quote it is stated a child is mysterious and powerful and contains within himself the secret of human nature. In reference to Montessori philosophy the potentials present in the child from birth itself is what makes the child mysterious and powerful. That itself is the secret of human nature too. The child is mysterious because there is an internal guide in the child which alone lets these laws to unfold themselves. We the adults are not able to understand what is happening there within the child. We can see only certain signs of these laws of natural development reveal themselves by carefully observing the childs behavior. Now let us analyze why the child is described as being powerful. For this we will have to know what the laws of natural development in essence are. These are law of work, law of independence, development of attention, development of will, development of intelligence development of emotion and spiritual life, development of imagination and creativity and stages of growth. Thus it is said that The child is endowed with unknown powers which can guide us to a radiant future. (The Absorbent Mind ,P2) During the observation of children at Casa Dei Bambini, Dr. Maria Montessori discovered that children prefer work to play. They were able to achieve a self integration through this work. She found that the aggressive and destructive children became calm and peaceful after working with the materials. She concluded that through work the child seemed to get fulfillment of some internal need which made him normalized. Montessori found out that independence is necessary to the childs normal development. The child uses his independence to listen to his inner guide for actions that can be useful to him and one who is served is actually limited in his independence. It is well said that we habitually serve children; and this is not only an act of servility towards them but it is dangerous, since it tends to suffocate their useful, spontaneous activity. (Course manual P. 40). We can help the child attain independence by giving opportunity for him to work with the materials by himself, by directing him towards a given end to develop his will, by giving him constructive work to help him in developing discipline, by letting him know and have an understanding of what is good and bad and also giving him freedom to reveal himself completely by playing only passive role. Maria Montessori stated that at certain stages of development, the child has sensitivity to his environment and he directs his attention to particular objects with high intensity and interest. By giving the child materials to work that engage him wholesomely we can help him develop his concentration and build his personality. When the child has the maximum power to concentration or when he gain good power to attention, he becomes calmer and more controlled and rested. Montessori believed that decision taken by the child on any activity and the action taken by him are the basis for development of the will. When the child is allowed to work with the materials as long as he wants, his self concept and power of concentration develop. Thus the child gains an ability to make his own choice which helps develop his will. The perceptions made by the child with the help of his senses are his intelligence. Obtaining conscious knowledge is done by the childs intelligence, comparing and discriminating between the impressions received by the senses. Dr. Maria Montessori believed that development of imagination and creativity are inborn powers which develop through his interactions with the environment. In regard to development of emotional and spiritual life, Montessori found that the child has an inner power to react to emotional and spiritual experiences from birth itself. Montessori discovered 5 periods of growth in children and each period has specific goal, the directionality towards the goal is fixed and each period has its own sensitive periods. To help them reach their goal by maximizing own potentials, the caregivers and teachers need to know these periods of development. Here, from this detailed analysis of predetermined psychic pattern within the child what we can understand is that the child has many abilities (powers) inside him from birth itself. It is this potential that helps him to self construct himself. With this much of original intrinsic assets it is quite reasonable to assume that the child is powerful. According to the philosophy of Montessori, the potentials within the child unfold slowly during the course of time while child self constructs himself. But certain internal aids and external conditions are necessary for the predetermined psychic pattern to reveal itself. The internal aids are sensitive periods and absorbant mind. The external conditions are environment and freedom. Sensitive periods are blocks of time in the childs life when he is absorbed with one characteristic of his environment to the exclusion of all others. Montessori discovered 6 sensitive periods in child. They are sensitivity to order, sensitivity to learning through five senses, sensitivity to small objects, sensitivity to co-ordination of movement, sensitivity to language and sensitivity to social aspect of life. A child has sensitivity to order during the first year itself. It is because of this sensitivity that the child becomes irritated when he is exposed to unfamiliar objects or people, or insists on putting things back on their places and become happy when they see things in accustomed places. In a precise and determined environment only can a child categorise his perception and form an internal framework with which to understand and relate his world. Montessori found out that the child has a sensitivity to learning through his five senses. The child has a natural curiosity to explore the things around him. So he has to work with this environment to develop his neurological structures for perceiving and thinking which is the basis of intelligence development. When the child is about two to two and half years his attention is drawn towards small objects. This sensitivity to small objets helps him to concentrate his intellectual powers on a specific problem and also helps him to hold his attention for long period of time fostering his ability to focus. The child has sensitivity to movement when he is two to 4 years of age. During this period the child has a tendency to perform and repeat a movement for the sake of gaining greater control. Here the child learns to bring his body under his will. The child become sensitive to human language during the period of sensitivity to language. The sixth aspect of sensitive periods being sensitivity to social aspects of life, explains the childs interest in other children of his age group. This period enables the child to recognize affection and friendship to develop. This way child learns to be part of a group. Montessori philosophy tells us that there will be problems when the child is starved from the right environment in his sensitive periods. When there is no order, the child will feel very insecure and lack confidence. If the child is not allowed to explore his environment during his period of learning through five senses, it will hinder the childs learning, he will become rebellious, with poor will and concentration and it will be difficult for him to compare and judge. By the lack of right environment for sensitivity to small objects, the child will become less curious to learn new things and he will become passive. The lack of environment permitting co-ordination of movements decreases the childs fine and gross motor development which in turn affect the childs balance and agility. If the child is not regularly exposed to language he will lack self confidence and will develop low self-concept due to this inability to express himself. If the child is not allowed to socialise he will feel lonely and become unfriendly and antisocial. Absorbant mind helps the child gain knowledge from his environment. From birth onwards the childs mind starts absorbing everything the he sees and experiences around him. This absorbing takes place by two stages namely unconscious and conscious. When the child is zero to three years of age, he absorbs everything unconsciously and these information absorbed are stored as impressions in his mind. The impressions made by the unconscious mind prepares the childs mind which later will be used by his conscious mind. After 3 years of age the childs mind starts absorbing experiences consciously. In this stage, the child will have memory and has developed a will too. Montessori also believed that environment can help or hinder the childs development. So the environment must be a nourishing place for the childs needs for self-construction. She felt that the environment must be prepared carefully by a knowledgeable and sensitive adult and the adult must be a participant in the living and growing of the child within the prepared environment. An important aspect to be taken care of with regard to Montessori environment is freedom. It is because of 2 reasons. First, it is only in an atmosphere of freedom that the child can reveal himself. Secondly if the child possesses within himself the pattern for his own development the inner guide must be allowed to direct the childs growth. However, the childs freedom is limited in the respect that he is not permitted to interfere on the rights of others and is careful of the materials, environment and himself. Apart from freedom the other basic elements in a Montessori prepared environment are structure and order, respect for others, reality and nature, beauty and atmosphere, the Montessori material and development of community life. The teacher is the link that puts the child in touch with the environment. She prepares the environment and the child uses the environment to construct himself. The teacher has a role in helping the development of predetermined psychic pattern of the child. The teacher observes the child carefully during his activities in the Montessori environment and prepares activities for him according to the childs level of development. According to Montessori the two aspects of the psyche namely the mind and the body(the mental energy and physical energy) should work in unison. Otherwise child will be deviated. A deviation is a warp in the character that will occur in the child during the formative period, (birth-six years) because of obstacles or repressions to his natural development. This we can understand more if we consider the previously explained sensitive periods of the child. We can understand that the child self constructs himself with the aid of his sensitive periods and nourishing environment. If these are deprived, he becomes deviated. During her work with the children at Casa Dei Bambini Montessori found that some mental integration happens within the child when he works with the materials. She referred to this as normalization. In a Montessori classroom children are given nourishing environment and the teacher is careful about the different stages of development of the child and aid him with his internal necessities. Thus the child is able to work according to his will (as his inner guide directs him). So his mental and physical energy work in unison ans the child becomes normalised. Thus a Montessori classroom becomes a gathering of normalised children. In such a group they are naturally full of love, sympathy, and feel for each other. They show respect for the rights of others, they help each other, they support each other morally and there will be a total harmony in the classroom. Montessori termed this as a society of cohesion. As per the analysis of the Montessori philosophy, we understand that the Montessori classroom works based on these principles and that a society of cohesion exists in such a classroom.

Free Essays on Teens And Agression

Are young people today less aggressive and more tolerant than previous generations? It is arguable that this is not the case. Because of negative influences from the mass media, the material affluence of the modern day, and the system of the society that requires high competition, today’s young people are much more aggressive and less tolerant than before. Some people might say that today’s young people are more intelligent, polite and refined, since they have more chances to be educated with better technology and more information than previous generations. However, this only deals with a superficial side of the issue. There are many more facts hidden below the bright surface of the problem that make young people today worse (I think you might want to be a bit more specific in what you mean by â€Å"worse†. Do you mean worse as in manners? attitude? personality?) than before. Today’s young people are exposed to lots of facts and objects which can influence them negatively and make them behave more violently. As the mass media, such as the television and the internet become readily accessible from the home, many teenagers are able to watch or see programs or website contents that they are not allowed to see. For example, one of the popular TV cartoon programs, ‘South Park’, includes lots of violence. In this cartoon, people are easily killed or hurt critically by others, but this cartoon converts all these cruel and aggressive incidents into a humorous scenario which are aimed to make people laugh. The real problem about this cartoon is the fact that young children can watch it whenever they want and in turn, this can affect the buildup of children’s characters. By watching this cartoon, kids may lose a sense of human dignity and the value of a human’s life. Also they may try to imitate violent and dangerous acts from the cartoon, because of their curiosity and because they are often too young to know better. It is u... Free Essays on Teens And Agression Free Essays on Teens And Agression Are young people today less aggressive and more tolerant than previous generations? It is arguable that this is not the case. Because of negative influences from the mass media, the material affluence of the modern day, and the system of the society that requires high competition, today’s young people are much more aggressive and less tolerant than before. Some people might say that today’s young people are more intelligent, polite and refined, since they have more chances to be educated with better technology and more information than previous generations. However, this only deals with a superficial side of the issue. There are many more facts hidden below the bright surface of the problem that make young people today worse (I think you might want to be a bit more specific in what you mean by â€Å"worse†. Do you mean worse as in manners? attitude? personality?) than before. Today’s young people are exposed to lots of facts and objects which can influence them negatively and make them behave more violently. As the mass media, such as the television and the internet become readily accessible from the home, many teenagers are able to watch or see programs or website contents that they are not allowed to see. For example, one of the popular TV cartoon programs, ‘South Park’, includes lots of violence. In this cartoon, people are easily killed or hurt critically by others, but this cartoon converts all these cruel and aggressive incidents into a humorous scenario which are aimed to make people laugh. The real problem about this cartoon is the fact that young children can watch it whenever they want and in turn, this can affect the buildup of children’s characters. By watching this cartoon, kids may lose a sense of human dignity and the value of a human’s life. Also they may try to imitate violent and dangerous acts from the cartoon, because of their curiosity and because they are often too young to know better. It is u...

Personal power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal power - Essay Example Their main source of inspiration became the folklores that the afro- Americans wrote. In her novel, Sweat, Huston became the first writer who looked at the most probable ways of undertaking free indirect speech. Huston has used a number of styles to bring out clearly how we feel personal power thus uses interjections to bring out the nature of the main character, who is the protagonist and the use of the voice of narration serves a purpose of triggering the feelings of Delia. For example "After that she was able to build a spiritual earthworks against her husband. His shells could no longer reach her. AMEN" (42). The use of exclamatory sentences and adverb reiteration brought out hope and at the same time brought about a tone of uncertainty. The narrative voice brings out the aspect of leaving aside the objective that the author wanted to put across and instead makes the readers to change their thinking line and start sympathizing with the protagonist, and nevertheless adopt the protagonist point of view. This is one of the aspect of writing that Huston uses to bring out her fiction in a very interesting way. Poetic way of communication is also another way that Huston uses to express the idea of how human beings feel about personal power. Huston uses the poetic use of language to show the speech of the Blacks in a metaphoric manner. For example Delia uses metaphor â€Å"But in the main, I feel like a brown bag of miscellany propped against a wall. Against a wall in company with other bags, white, red and yellow (2).† To define her position in terms of race. The use of metaphor and simile is the greatest contribution of the Black to the field of literature, this is according to the point of view of Huston. The narrator in ‘Sweat’ gives evidence to the fact that the Afro-Americans give interpretation to English instead of speaking it when talking about the marriage life of Delia. The narrator says that Delia

Human Relations topic of the week-Evaluate Techniques for Coping with Essay

Human Relations topic of the week-Evaluate Techniques for Coping with Job Stress - Essay Example Especially during these times of economic crisis, workers become more wary of the threats of lay-offs or budget cuts. Other common workplace stress factors are increased demand for overtime due to budget cuts and pressure to meet rising expectations from management to maximize output (Segal, Horwitz, Gill, Smith & Segal (2010). Most workers often complain of a demanding boss and uncooperative co-workers. Even punctuality can sometimes put undue pressure to employees. Poor communication is also a typical stressor in the workplace. According to Dr. Willy Weiner (2007), reaction to stress differs from one individual to another. The reason for this is that we view and think about the events in our lives differently. People sometimes have rigid rules about things while others are more flexible. As Dr. Weiner puts it, â€Å"the way you think about it can change the way you feel about it† (Healthology, 2007, par. 13). When workers are stressed on the job, it can affect their producti vity and effectiveness.

The history of American technology Research Paper

The history of American technology - Research Paper Example It began to traffic on July 1, 1940, and radically crumpled into Puget Sound on November 7 of the same year. At the time of its erection (and its destruction), the bridge was the third lengthiest suspension bridge in the world in footings of main span length, following the Golden Gate Bridge and the George Washington Bridge. Erection of the bridge initiated in September 1938. From the time the deck was built, it started to move perpendicularly in windy situations, which made the construction workers to give the bridge the nickname Galloping Gertie. Collapse of the bridge There were no causalities in the failure of the bridge. Tubby, a black male cocker spaniel was the only mortality of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge catastrophe; he was missing along with Coatsworth's car. Professor Farquharson and a news photojournalist tried to save Tubby during a lull, but the dog was overly frightened to leave the car and bit one of the saviours (â€Å"Bridges†, 2001). Tubby deceased when the br idge tumbled, and neither his body nor the car were ever retrieved (Peters, 1987). Coatsworth had been driving Tubby back to his daughter, who possessed the dog. Coatsworth received US$450.00 for his car and US$364.40 in compensation for the contents of his car, counting Tubby. Why did it collapse? The chief clarification of Galloping Gertie's catastrophe is termed as "torsional flutter." It will help to break this complex series of occurrences into some stages. Here is a summary of the key points in the explanation. 1. In general, the 1940 Narrows Bridge had comparatively small resistance to torsional (twisting) forces. That was since; it had such a huge length-to-breadth ratio, 1 to 72. Gertie's long, narrow, and thin strengthening beams made the construction enormously flexible. 2. On the morning of November 7, 1940 just after 10 a.m., a serious event befell. The cable band at mid-span on the north, slithered. This permitted the cable to detach into two uneven parts. That contrib uted to the transformation from perpendicular (up-and-down) to torsional (twisting) driving of the bridge deck. 3. Also backing up to the torsional movement of the bridge deck was "vortex shedding." In short, vortex shedding arose in the Narrows Bridge as follows: (1) Wind disjointed as it hit the side of Galloping Gertie's deck, the 8-foot compact plate support. A minor amount of torsioning happened in the bridge deck, since even steel is elastic and varies from under high strain. (2) The turning bridge deck triggered the wind flow parting to surge. This fashioned a vortex, or spinning wind force, which additionally lifted and twisted the deck. (3) The deck construction repelled this lifting and twisting. It had an expected affinity to return to its earlier position. As it returned, its hastiness and direction corresponded with the lifting energy. In other words, it moved â€Å"in phase" with the vortex. Then, the wind fortified that movement. This shaped into a "lock-on" occurren ce. 4. But, the outside force of the wind only, was not adequate to instigate the severe twisting that caused the Narrows Bridge to fail. 5. Now the deck movement went into "torsional flutter." When the bridge’s motion altered from vertical to torsional oscillation, the construction absorbed extra wind energy. The bridge deck's

The Main Types Of Social Enquiry Psychology Essay

The Main Types Of Social Enquiry Psychology Essay Research is the systematic investigation and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.Main types of social enquiry. Social Inquiry provides students with a broad overview of modern social theory and approaches, addressing themes common across disciplines in the social sciences-especially sociology, politics, economics, and anthropology. Case study A careful study of some social unit (as a corporation or division within a corporation) that attempts to determine what factors led to its success or failure, report, written report, study or a written document describing the findings of some individual or group; this accords with the recent study. Cross sectional Cross-sectional research is a research method often used in developmental psychology, but also utilized in many other areas including social science and education. This type of study utilizes different groups of people who differ in the variable of interest, but share other characteristics such as socioeconomic status, educational background, and ethnicity. For example, researchers studying developmental psychology might select groups of people who are remarkably similar in most areas, but differ only in age. By doing this, any differences between groups can presumably be attributed to age differences rather than to other variables. Longitudinal Longitudinal research is a type of research method used to discover relationships between variables that are not related to various background variables. This observational research technique involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period of time. Data is first collected at the outset of the study, and may then be gathered repeatedly throughout the length of the study. In some cases, longitudinal studies can last several decades. 1.2 Investigate research objectives in order to contribute to, modify and improve upon theory and practice Research objectives Research objectives set the purpose and focus of your research with the fundamental questions that will be addressed. Defining your research objectives means defining what do I need to investigate and how am I going to do it? Objectives are the single most important aspect of research design and implementation. They include individual, tangible steps that will be taken in your research. Your individual steps will revolve around a wider question or problem that youve defined. Often, objectives will be based on the findings of other research taking something someone else has investigated or theorised and focusing on a specific aspect of their findings to either strengthen or challenge them. Such follow-up research involves more than repeating research thats already been done. It aims to improve the understanding of a specific topic through asking what else needs to be evidenced before the research is meaningful, or what knowledge could be garnered from a more focused investigation, or scrutiny of the existing findings Dimensions to be measured Productivity Efficiency Effectiveness Objectives are converted into hypotheses and tested. If data analysis is positive the hypothesis is accepted and the theory hold good, conversely if the data analysis is opposite to the hypothesis it is rejected and the theory is not valid. The objectives would contribute to improve our understanding of the problem investigated Since objectives are identified through academic literature review the measurement of research objectives would lead to either consolidate existing theories or would lead to modification or improvement of existing theories and therefore current practice. 1.3 systematically analyse the main research philosophies of positivism and phenomenology. Research philosophies There are two kinds of research philosophies Positivism Positivism was a result of rejection of concepts that belonged to metaphysics, for example god. As sociologists found it different to explain things as also to test and prove, they looked for other ideas. They felt a strong need for social sciences to be more objective and verifiable as science subjects. Positivism arose as an alternative to metaphysics in an attempt to describe social phenomenon leaving aside what cannot be known or is beyond the scope of social sciences. Positivists are of the view that we can analyze and draw conclusions only what we observe. What we see and can measure forms the subject matter of positivism. Two of the most influential positivists are Durkheim and Comte. Interpretivism Interpretivism arose as scientists felt that human beings were not puppets to react to stimuli in a prescribed manner. They were active and purposeful and can respond to stimuli in different ways depending upon their interpretation. Interpretivists describe human beings as having intent and the power to interpret, they say that human beings have the capability to construct their surroundings rather than being a mere spectators to what is happening around them. These scientists stressed the thinking, intentions and behaviours of human beings more than positivists thereby drawing conclusions that were more realistic and perhaps more valid also. Interpretivists talk about shared consciousness as the brain behind many of the concepts in a society. Task: 2 2.1 Examine qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. When conducting a research, it is very important to decide on the methodology depending upon focus of study. There are basically two ways to go about an analysis, qualitative analysis  and quantitative analysis. There are many who cannot differentiate between the two concepts and think of them as same which is incorrect. If analysis can be thought of as a continuum, quantitative analysis lies at one extreme and qualitative would obviously lie at the other extreme. Research is the most important tool to increase our knowledge base about things and people. There are two important methods of doing research namely quantitative and qualitative research methods. Despite some overlapping, there is a clear cut difference between quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research As the name implies, this type of research pertains to studying social behaviour through techniques that have computational basis. The tools in a quantitative research are mathematical in nature, and measurements form the backbone of any quantitative research. These measurements provide the basis for observation and recording of data that can be later analyzed quantitatively. Rather than being subjective, quantitative research yields data that is more or less unbiased and can be expressed in numerical terms such as percentages or statistics that is easily understandable for a layman. Researcher utilizes the results to make generalizations about a larger set of population. Qualitative research This is a kind of research that employs different ways of gathering information without making use of any scientific measurement tools. For example, the sources of information could be varied like diary accounts, surveys, and questionnaires containing open ended questions, interviews that are not structured and also such observations that are not structured. The data collected through qualitative research is not expressed in mathematical terms. It is descriptive in nature and its analysis is also harder than finding ones way through a maze of statistical tools. Case studies and ethnography seem to be perfect for utilizing qualitative research tools. Qualitative vs Quantitative Research The design of study is not ready beforehand and develops and unfolds gradually in a qualitative research while the design and structure are already present in quantitative research Data generated in quantitative research is numerically expressed in percentages and numbers while data obtained through qualitative research is in the form of text or picture Data in quantitative research is efficient but may not be able to capture the true essence of human nature and behaviour while qualitative data in words can capture the human nature in totality Results of quantitative research are quantifiable while the results of a qualitative research are subjective in nature 2.2 critically evaluate the role of the researcher. Typically the researcher is expected to: take responsibility for finding out what is expected take the initiative in raising problems or difficulties help the supervisory team to ensure consistency discuss with the supervisory team how to make guidance more effective, including disability related concerns agree, organise and attend mutually convenient meetings, contribute to their agenda and circulate work in advance undertake research training as agreed and where need is identified undertake recommended reading produce written work as agreed comply with reporting procedures and inform supervisors of the progress of your research tell supervisors about difficulties you encounter in your work arrange for informal sharing of information and practice generate your own ideas set realistic deadlines ask if he dont understand decide when to submit the thesis and ensure that it is submitted on time Ensure that the findings complies with regulations. 2.3 systematically analyse qualitative approaches covering the following terms: Descriptive, Interpretive, Ethnographic and Naturalistic studies. Description According to Emerson, Fretz, and Shaw, 1995, Giorgi, 1992, Wolcott, 1994, There is no pure looking with a naked eye, and there is no immaculate. Researchers seeking to describe an experience or event select what they will describe and, in the process of featuring certain aspects of it, begin to transform that experience or event. Although no description is free of interpretation, basic or fundamental qualitative description, as opposed to, for example, phenomenological or grounded theory description, entails a kind of interpretation that is low-inference, or likely to result in easier consensus among researchers. Even though one researcher may feature the feelings and a second researcher the events a woman reported in an interview, both researchers will likely agree that. In the case of two researchers describing ostensibly the same scene, one researcher might feature the spatial arrangement in a room, while the second researcher will feature the social interactions. But both researchers ought to agree with each others descriptions as accurate renderings of the scene. That is, with low-inference descriptions, researchers will agree more readily on the facts of the case, even if they may not feature the same facts in their descriptions. Interpretive According to the Wolcott 1994, interpretive, is the human perceptions, basic qualitative description is not highly interpretive in the sense that a researcher deliberately chooses to describe an event in terms of a conceptual, philosophical, or other highly abstract framework or system. The description in qualitative descriptive studies entails the presentation of the facts of the case in everyday language. In contrast, phenomenological, theoretical, ethnographic, or narrative descriptions re-present events in other terms. Researchers are obliged to put much more of their own interpretive spin on what they see and hear. There are certain types of phenomenological studies incline the researcher to look for, and interpret data in terms of, life world existential, such as Van Manen, 1990, claims that corporeality and temporality Such descriptions require researchers to move farther into or beyond their data as they demand not just reading words and scenes, but rather reading into, between, and over them McMahon 1996, Poirier and Ayres 1997 and Wertz 1983 analyse phenomenological study which is an excellent demonstration of the successive transformations from a participants description of an event to a researchers phenomenological description of that event. Although less interpretive than phenomenological or grounded theory description, fundamental qualitative description is more interpretive than quantitative description, which typically entails surveys or other pre-structured means to obtain a common dataset on pre-selected variables, and descriptive statistics to summarize them. Naturalistic observation Naturalistic observation is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves observing subjects in their natural environment. This type of research is often utilized in situations where conducting lab research is unrealistic, cost prohibitive or would unduly affect the subjects behaviour. Naturalistic observation differs from structured observation in that it involves looking at behaviour as it occurs in its natural setting with no attempts at intervention on the part of the researcher. 2.4 systematically analyse qualitative approaches including Independent observation, large samples, Development of hypotheses, Statistical analyses. Observation Qualitative observational research describes and classifies various cultural, racial and sociological groups by employing interpretive and naturalistic approaches. It is both observational and narrative in nature and relies less on the experimental elements normally associated with scientific research of reliability, validity and generalizability. Connelly and Clendenin (1990) suggest that qualitative inquiry relies more on appetency, verisimilitude and transferability. On the other hand, Lincoln and Guba (1985) emphasize the importance of credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability in qualitative studies. Large samples Any of the purposeful sampling techniques can be used in qualitative descriptive studies. Especially useful, though, is maximum variation sampling, which allows researchers to explore the common and QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION unique manifestations of a target phenomenon across a broad range of phenomenally and demographically varied cases (Sandelowski,1995). Researchers like Trost, 1986 also choose to sample cases to represent a combination of pre-selected variables , or typical or unusual cases of a phenomenon, in order to describe it as it tends to appear or uncommonly appears. As in any qualitative study, the ultimate goal of purposeful sampling is to obtain cases deemed information-rich for the purposes of study. The obligation of researchers is to defend their sampling strategies as reasonable for their purposes. Task:3 3.1 examine the basic principle of research design with respect to objectives, plan, action, review, report. All research is different but the following factors are common to all good pieces of research. If the research aims to identify the scale of a problem or need, a more quantitative, randomised, statistical sample survey may be more appropriate. Good research can often use a combination of methodologies, which complement one another. The research should be carried out in an unbiased fashion. As far as possible the researcher should not influence the results of the research in any way. If this is likely, it needs to be addressed explicitly and systematically. From the beginning, the research should have appropriate and sufficient resources in terms of people, time, transport, money etc. allocated to it. The people conducting the research should be trained in research and research methods and this training should provide: Knowledge around appropriate information gathering techniques, An understanding of research issues, An understanding of the research area, An understanding of the issues around dealing with vulnerable social care clients and housing clients, especially regarding risk, privacy and sensitivity and the possible need for support. Those involved in designing, conducting, analysing and supervising the research should have a full understanding of the subject area. In some instances, it helps if the researcher has experience of working in the area. However, this can also be a negative factor, as sometimes research benefits from the fresh eyes and ears of an outsider, which may lead to less bias. If applicable, the information generated from the research will inform the policy-making process. All research should be ethical and not harmful in any way to the participants. Background Why is this research important? What other studies have there been in this area? How will this research add to knowledge in this area? Objectives What do you want to find out? What is the main question you wish to answer? What are the specific questions you will ask to address the main question? Are you going to do this research on your own or with others? Plan Who are you targeting in this research? How many people or case files do you intend to interview or read through? Where will the research take place? Will participants be clearly and fully informed of the purpose of the research study? How will you do this? How will participants be clear about the expectations of the researcher? Do you have an information sheet and a consent form for participants? Action It enables you to examine your own situation. It is a participatory process and allows for input from all those involved. It is collaborative. You work with colleagues and other participants to answer your research question. It allows for an ongoing process of selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ evaluation where you appraise yourself and your own performance. It assumes that you already have a great deal of professional knowledge and can continue to develop this knowledge and improve your practice. Review A review of the literature is an essential part of your academic research. The review is a careful examination of a body of literature pointing toward the answer to your research question. Literature reviewed typically includes scholarly journals, scholarly books, authoritative databases and primary sources. Sometimes it includes newspapers and magazines. Primary sources are the origin of information under study, fundamental documents relating to a particular subject or idea. Often they are firsthand accounts written by a witness or researcher at the time of an event or discovery. Secondary sources are documents or recordings that relate to or discuss information originally presented elsewhere. These, too, may be accessible as physical objects or electronically in databases or on the Internet. Report Draft the report from your detailed plan. Do not worry too much about the final form and language, but rather on presenting the ideas Coherently and logically. Redraft and edit. Check that sections contain the required information and use suitable headings, Check ideas flow in a logical order and remove any unnecessary information. Write in an academic style and tone. Use a formal objective style. Generally avoid personal pronouns; however, some reports based on your own field 3.2 critically evaluate the success of both qualitative and quantitative research projects using relative literature. Quantitative Research Quantitative Research options have been predetermined and a large number of respondents are involved. By definition, measurement must be objective, quantitative and statistically valid. Simply put, its about numbers, objective hard data. The sample size for a survey is calculated by statisticians using formulas to determine how large a sample size will be needed from a given population in order to achieve findings with an acceptable degree of accuracy. Generally, researchers seek sample sizes which yield findings with at least a 95% confidence interval (which means that if you repeat the survey 100 times, 95 times out of a hundred, you would get the same response), plus/minus a margin error of 5 percentage points. Many surveys are designed to produce a smaller margin of error. Qualitative Research Qualitative Research is collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data by observing what people do and say. Whereas, quantitative research refers to counts and measures of things, qualitative research refers to the meanings, concepts, definitions, characteristics, metaphors, symbols, and descriptions of things. Qualitative research is much more subjective than quantitative research and uses very different methods of collecting information, mainly individual, in-depth interviews and focus groups. The nature of this type of research is exploratory and open-ended. Small numbers of people are interviewed in-depth and/or a relatively small number of focus groups are conducted. Participants are asked to respond to general questions and the interviewer or group moderator probes and explores their responses to identify and define peoples perceptions, opinions and feelings about the topic or idea being discussed and to determine the degree of agreement that exists in the group. The quality of the finding from qualitative research is directly dependent upon the skills, experience and sensitive of the interviewer or group moderator. This type of research is often less costly than surveys and is extremely effective in acquiring information about peoples communications needs and their responses to and views about specific communications. Basically, quantitative research is objective; qualitative is subjective. Quantitative research seeks explanatory laws; qualitative research aims at in-depth description. Qualitative research measures what it assumes to be a static reality in hopes of developing universal laws. Qualitative research is an exploration of what is assumed to be a dynamic reality. It does not claim that what is discovered in the process is universal, and thus, replicable. Common differences usually cited between these types of research include. Task:4 4.1 define a research problem or issue by analysing current literature and management practice. Research problem It is one of the first statements made in any research paper and, as well as defining the research area, should include a quick synopsis of how the hypothesis was arrived at. This will lead to the proposal of a viable hypothesis. As an aside, when scientists are putting forward proposals for research funds, the quality of their research problem often makes the difference between success and failure. Defining a Research Problem Lack of force that drives the people to behave the way they do and they behave even in hardship. Qualitative research designs use inductive reasoning to propose a research problem.Reasoning Cycle Scientific Research This is called the conceptual definition, and is an overall view of the problem. Lack of motivation is like measuring abstract concepts, such as intelligence, emotions, and subjective responses, and then a system of measuring numerically needs to be established, allowing statistical analysis and replication. For example, motivation may be measured with a questionnaire from strongly disagree disagree dont know agree strongly agree 4.2 Examine the background and content of the research Early explanations of motivation focused on instincts. Psychologists writing in the late 19th and early twentieth century suggested that human beings were basically programmed to behave in certain ways, depending upon the behavioural cues to which they were exposed. Sigmund Freud, for example, argued that the most powerful determinants of individual behaviour were those of which the individual was not consciously aware. According to Motivation and Leadership at Work (Steers, Porter, and Bigley, 1996), in the early twentieth century researchers began to examine other possible explanations for differences in individual motivation. Some researchers focused on internal drives as an explanation for motivated behaviour. Others studied the effect of learning and how individuals base current behaviour on the consequences of past behaviour. Still others examined the influence of individuals cognitive processes, such as the beliefs they have about future events. Over time, these major theoretical streams of research in motivation were classified into two major schools: the content theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation. 4.3 Develop research questions to elicit facts, information, gaps in knowledge, and dichotomies in management processes and practices. Research questions and hypotheses narrow the purpose statement and become major signposts for readers. Qualitative researchers ask at least one central question and several sub questions. They begin the questions with words such as how or what and use exploratory verbs, such as explore or describe. They pose broad, general questions to allow the participants to explain their ideas. They also focus initially on one central phenomenon of interest. The questions may also mention the participants and the site for the research. 1. Determine if a mixed methods study is needed to study the problem 2. Consider whether a mixed methods study is feasible 3. Write both qualitative and quantitative research questions 4. Review and decide on the types of data collection 5. Assess the relative weight and implementation strategy for each method 6. Present a visual model 7. Determine how the data will be analyzed 8. Assess the criteria for evaluating the study 9. Develop a plan for the study I encourage mixed methods researchers to construct separate mixed methods questions in their studies. This question might be written to emphasize the procedures or the content of the study, and it might be placed at different points. By writing this question, the researcher conveys the importance of integrating or combining the quantitative and qualitative elements. Several models exist for writing mixed methods questions into studies: writing only quantitative questions or hypotheses and qualitative questions, or writing both quantitative questions or hypotheses and qualitative questions followed by a mixed methods question, or writing only a mixed methods question. 4.4 critically evaluate the project plan from the following perspectives: ethical, social, legal, stakeholders. Ethical and Legal When most people think of ethics (or morals), they think of rules for distinguishing between right and wrong, such as the Golden Rule (Do unto others as you would have them do unto you). This is the most common way of defining ethics for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. Even conducting our research we have to look into following ethical aspects: Honesty Objectivity Integrity Carefulness Openness Respect for Intellectual Property Confidentiality Responsible Publication Responsible Mentoring Respect for colleagues Social Responsibility Non-Discrimination Competence Legality Animal Care Human Subjects Protection Task: 5 Critically evaluate what implications previous research into the topic chosen have for the research proposal. Implications in research of motivation at work Following can be expected as implications in research of motivation at work. Lack of secondary data Some secondary data is limited and insufficient. Sometimes, external parties dont like to give their real idea about regarding their motivation. Draw backs in primary data collection It is very difficult. Because, all data not already available. Some data related people feels, attitudes or opinion. And next important fact is both of primary data have qualitative and quantitative behaviour. Both of data is dependents on peoples opinion. Time constraints Students have very limited time in their academic career and this research should conduct simultaneously with other learning activities. Therefore, It is difficult to handle all learning and research activities under limited time management. Financial constraints Due to cost involved mainly with the process of data collection, limited number of sources and the small size of sample area can cause biased findings which may mislead the results. 5.2 systematically analyse literature relevant to the content of the proposal. Great scholars Gardner Lambert, 1972 proposed that motivation is influenced by two orientations to language learning. An integrative orientation is typical of someone who identifies with and values the target language and community, and who approaches language study with the intention of entering that community. Such an individual is thought to have an internal, more enduring motivation for language study. Instrumentally motivated learners, on the other hand, are more likely to see language learning as enabling them to do other useful things, but as having no special significance in itself. Such learners will be motivated if they see language learning as having beneficial career prospects or something that will enable them to use transactional language with speakers of the foreign language. A second problem he argues is whether the integrative/instrumental conceptualization captures the full spectrum of student motivation. It may be that, for a given population of second language students, there are reasons for language learning that are unrelated to either of the two motivational orientations. I agree with Ely that it is not always easy to tell one from the other. For example, there are students who dont like to study, but they have to, because they have pressure from their parents, peers, teachers, and so forth. This is also a type of motivation which cant belong to either of the two motivational orientations. 5.3 Make conclusions regarding different approaches to and outcomes of research. Lack of motivation to learn is very striking thing in almost all of the schools in Japan. I believe some of the schools in other countries also face the same problem. One of the things I found through this literature review is that if we, as teachers, cant motivate students to learn directly, we should look at different ways to try to motivate them indirectly. For example, we should encourage them to be autonomous learner, increase their confidence, and try to get rid of anxiety they have in learning. That will lead to great motivation eventually, and thus lead to success in learning. One of the strategies we can use is need analysis. We must find out which aspects of L2 learning are personally valuable to students and must design tasks that support those aspects. For example, if students will go abroad, they will need to communicate with people in English, s

Society and Sexuality in Waiting for the Barbarians and The History of

Society and Sexuality in Waiting for the Barbarians, and The History of Sexuality  Ã‚   Within our modern minds reside two very different ways in which we deal with the subject of sexuality. The conceptual framework of modern society, to some extent, has developed out of past notions about the body. We can see that springing from our historical roots, issues concerning sexuality have been dealt with through mutual feelings of desire and disgust. The relationship between these two opposed feelings arises from a dual sense of our awareness of our sexuality. One direction we are pointed in, is to view anything sexual in content, as socially digressive. The other crosses to the opposite extreme. Sexuality is something which is talked about constantly, but usually not openly. We are also, in some ways, drawn by our sexuality to feel desire for our "other side"--the side which we do not show to many other people. Both of the poles represent aspects of a spectrum on which all of us lie, at once drawn to both extremes. The fact that we fall somewhere on that scale in the first place, points to another reason outside the reaches of the immediate family. The situation we are placed in as individuals of modernity, is an arena of pre-constructed rules and regulations regarding our sexuality. The doctrine of sex in our world has been determined by the actions and thoughts of past generations. We build upon their conceptual machinery to g enerate our own meaning within the world. The duality between desire and disgust, in relation to sexuality, is something which has been passed down to us through generations of social learning. In his book, The History of Sexuality, Michel Foucault presents evidence pointing to the connection between... ...nterest in the subject as a hidden part of human existence. The double mechanism of distancing one’s self and the desire to personally experience something, serves to formulate the ways in which we view our sexuality. Through the creation of this binary relationship, we as a society, have been taught that there are parts of ourselves which are off limits in normal discussion. To go past those lines is to travel in realms which hint of "perversion" or of experiencing an "alternate lifestyle". This societal creation tells us that some parts of our personality are ones which we should not explore, though we might be driven to. It is because of those drives, which exist in all of us, that we are forced to come to terms with ourselves, and what it means to be a part of our society. Works Cited: Coetzee, J.M. 1980 Waiting for the Barbarians Harmondsworth, Penguin.